Solid-liquid crude oil compositions and fractionation processes thereof

ABSTRACT

A process for the production of a fractionated product is disclosed, comprising providing a solid hydrocarbonaceous material, wherein the material is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% by volumic (% v) of the particles arc no greater than about 500 μm in diameter. The solid hydrocarbonaceous material is combined with an unrefined liquid hydrocarbonaceous material, such as crude oil, in order to create a combined solid-liquid blend; and the combined solid-liquid blend is subjected to fractionation in order to generate one or more fractionation products. Typically the solid hydrocarbonaceous material comprises coal, optionally the coal is ultrafine coal, and suitably the coal is comprised of microfine coal. The coal may be dewatered and deashed prior to combination with unrefined liquid hydrocarbonaceous material. Compositions and products of the process are further provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention is in the field of combination products derived from solidwith liquid hydrocarbons, particularly the combination of coal withcrude oil, in order to create a combined product that may be subject tofurther refining and processing. In particular, the invention is in thefield of introduction of solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, into thecrude oil refining process in order to upgrade the solid hydrocarbon andreplace a proportion of the crude oil in the refining stream.

Coal fines and ultrafines, including microfines are the small particlesof coal generated from larger lumps of coal during the mining andpreparation process. While coal fines retain the same energy potentialof coal they are generally considered a waste product as the particulatenature of the product renders it difficult to market and transport. Coalfines are therefore generally discarded as spoil close to the collieryforming large waste heaps or contained in large ponds that requirecareful future management in order to avoid environmental contaminationor even the threat to human life as demonstrated in the 1966 Aberfandisaster in South Wales, UK.

Nevertheless, coal fines do offer a cheap and plentiful supply ofhydrocarbons particularly rich in carbon. It is known to add slurries ofcoal fines in water to fuel oils in order to upgrade the coal fineproduct and reduce the cost per unit volume of the blended fuel oil (seefor example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,096,461, 5,902,359 and 4,239,426). However,in its natural state, coal fines typically contain significant levels ofash-forming components that would render it unsuitable for blending withcrude oil. Furthermore, the amount of water present in coal fines (ca.35% by mass or % m) is also undesirable for use in crude oil. Inaddition, the sulphur content of coal fines is commensurate with that ofcrude oil, however lower sulphur crudes are valued more than highsulphur crudes, so any means to reduce sulphur in coal for use withcrude oil is desirable. Selecting coal fines with low mineral mattercontent is one possibility for ameliorating these problems and can bemanufactured by crushing and grinding seam coals that are selected tohave an inherently low mineral matter content (e.g. <5% m), however,this limits quite substantially the types of coal that can be utilised.

Crude oil is classed as a fossil fuel and is a non-renewable energysource. Furthermore, while oil prices are quite volatile the refinedproducts that are obtained from the crude oil are always significantlymore expensive. A way in which crude oil could be blended with a cheapwaste material, such as coal fines, to extend the finite reserves ofcrude oil, and the resultant refined distillate products, would behighly desirable.

These and other uses, features and advantages of the invention should beapparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings provided herein.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,646 refers to solid-liquid extraction of crudeoil-coal mixtures, with emphasis on upgraded coal products and isspecific to low rank coal (lignite and sub-bituminous coal). U.S. Pat.No. 5,503,646 utilises coarse coal particles (150-250 microns (μm)), andsolid-liquid extraction techniques to separate solid product from heatedslurry. U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,646 does not use distillation.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,096,461, 5,902,359, 4,239,426 and 4,309,269 all referto processes for mixtures of coal and crude oil, as well as water, toenable coal pipeline transportation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,269 refers todissolution of coal within a crude oil-coal slurry, albeit at highpressure.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,429 describes a process for manufacturing asynthetic crude by hydrocracking heavy oil, crushed coal and pyrolysedcoal volatiles.

JPS54129008, JPS5636589 and JP S5798595 refer to stable dispersions ofcrude oil and pulverised coal (particle size 50-100 μm) withsurfactants. JP2000290673 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,744 refer to processesfor increasing calorific value of coal by adding crude oil as a slurryor a briquette.

Curtis, C. W. et al. (Evaluation of process parameter for combinedprocessing of coal with heavy crudes and residua (Ind. Eng. Chem.Process Des. Dev., 1985, 24, 1259)) covers co-processing of coal andpetroleum crudes/residues in the temperature range 375-475° C., but witha requirement for hydrogen under pressure and with a catalyst. Fractionswere solvent extracted and not distilled. CN105567321 and CN101649220provide other variations of coal liquefaction technology using crude oilas the liquefying solvent, but requiring a catalytic high pressurizedhydrogenation unit. Resultant products were solvent extracted, notdistilled. Such processes are energy intensive and rely on the presenceof a hydrogen atmosphere and catalyst which, if absent, severely reducesconversions of coal to such low yields of upgraded products as to becommercially non-viable.

British Coal Corporation, CEC report EUR 18247 (Improvements to directcoal liquefaction, 1999, ISBN 92-828-5444-2) refers to the directliquefaction of coal by the co-refining with hydrogenated anthracene oilsolvent.

Bartle, K. E. and Taylor, N. CEC report EUR 13168 (Co-refining of coaland petroleum, 1991, ISBN 92-826-2220-7) refers to the directliquefaction of coal by co-refining with heavy petroleum oil-derivedfractions and under one-stage, catalytic hydro-liquefaction conditions.

The present invention addresses the problems that exist in the priorart, not least reducing reliance on crude oil as a source of valuablepetrochemicals, as well as altering or expanding the range of valuablefractions obtainable from crude hydrocarbonaceous substrates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in a first aspect the invention provides a process for theproduction of a fractionated product comprising the steps of: (i)providing a solid hydrocarbonaceous material, wherein the material is inparticulate form, and wherein at least about 90% by volume (% v) of theparticles are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter;

-   -   (ii) combining the solid hydrocarbonaceous material with an        unrefined liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in order to create a        combined solid-liquid blend; and    -   (iii) subjecting the combined solid-liquid blend to        fractionation in order to generate one or more fractionation        products.

Typically the solid hydrocarbonaceous material comprises coal,optionally the coal is ultrafine coal, and suitably the coal iscomprised of microfine coal. Where the coal is ultrafine coal, typicallyat least 95% by volume (% v) of the particles, optionally 98% v,suitably 99% v are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter. In oneembodiment of the invention, the ultrafine coal comprises particles inwhich typically at least 95% v of the particles, optionally 98% v,suitably 99% v are no greater than about 250 μm in diameter.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the coal comprises microfinecoal which comprises particles in which typically at least 95% v of theparticles, optionally 98% v, suitably 99% v are no greater than about100 μm, optionally about 50 μm, and more optionally about 20 μm indiameter. In yet a further embodiment at least 95% v of the particlesare less than 10 μm in diameter.

According to one embodiment of the invention the solid hydrocarbonaceousmaterial is subjected to one or more de-watering steps prior to step(i).

According to another embodiment of the invention the solidhydrocarbonaceous material is subjected to at least one ash removal(e.g. demineralisation) step prior to step (i).

In a particular embodiment of the invention the solid hydrocarbonaceousmaterial comprises coal that is selected due to its low inherent ashcontent. In embodiments the coal has an inherent ash content of lessthan 20% by mass (% m), suitably less than 10% m, optionally less than5% m in a specific embodiment of the invention, the unrefined liquidhydrocarbonaceous material comprises, or consists essentially of, crudeoil. Suitably the crude oil is a sweet crude oil. Optionally the crudeoil is a sour crude oil.

In yet a further embodiment of the invention the solid hydrocarbonaceousmaterial is combined with the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in orderto create a combined solid-liquid blend comprising at most about 60% m(60% by mass) of solid hydrocarbonaceous material, based on the totalmass of the combined solid-liquid blend. Suitably, the combinedsolid-liquid blend comprises at most about 40% m, optionally at mostabout 30% m, typically at most about 20% m of solid hydrocarbonaceousmaterial, based on the total mass of the combined solid-liquid blend.Suitably, the combined solid-liquid blend comprises at least about 0.01%m, optionally at least about 0.1% m, typically at least about 1% m ofsolid hydrocarbonaceous material, based on the total mass of thecombined solid-liquid blend. In a specific embodiment of the invention,the combined solid-liquid blend comprises at least about 10% m of solidhydrocarbonaceous material, based on the total mass of the combinedsolid-liquid blend.

In one embodiment of the invention, the fractionation comprisesdistillation at or around atmospheric pressure. Optionally, distillationis also undertaken at reduced pressure. In an embodiment of theinvention, fractionation by way of distillation occurs under atmosphericpressure followed by reduced pressure.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the one or morefractionated products of the process comprises distillate productsobtained from both solid hydrocarbonaceous material and the unrefinedliquid hydrocarbonaceous material. Suitably the lower distillateproducts comprise at least one of the group selected from: gasoline;naphtha; kerosene; and diesel.

A specific embodiment of the invention provides that the one or morefractionated product of the process comprises middle distillate productsderived from both solid hydrocarbonaceous material and the unrefinedliquid hydrocarbonaceous material. Suitably the middle distillateproducts comprise at least one of the group selected from: marinediesel; light vacuum gas oil; and heavy vacuum gas oil. In yet a furtherembodiment the invention provides that the one or more fractionatedproduct of the process comprises vacuum residue derived from both solidhydrocarbonaceous material and the unrefined liquid hydrocarbonaceousmaterial. Suitably the vacuum residue comprises asphalt and/or bitumen.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the combined solid-liquidblend product further comprises a dispersant additive.

In yet a further embodiment of the invention, the process provides anincrease in total distillate fractions of at least 1% v, suitably atleast 2% v and optionally at least 3% v as determined by comparison toan equivalent solid-liquid blend in which the solid particulate materialis inert.

A second aspect of the invention provides for a fractionated productobtainable, or obtained, by the process described herein.

A third aspect of the invention provides a process for operating afractional distiller, the process comprising:

-   -   combining a coal fines material, wherein the material is in        particulate form, and wherein at least about 95% v of the        particles are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter, with a        crude oil in order to create a combined solid-liquid blend,    -   wherein the combined solid-liquid blend comprises at least about        0.01% m and at most about 60% m of the coal fines material,        based on the total mass of the combined solid-liquid blend;    -   introducing the combined solid-liquid blend into a fractionation        column, or combining coal fines material with the crude oil in        situ within a fractionation column, at or around atmospheric        pressure; and    -   elevating the temperature of the fractionation column in order        to effect fractionation of the combined solid-liquid blend so as        to generate one or more fractionation products.

In a further embodiment the one or more of the fractionation products issubjected to a further fractionation under reduced pressure so as togenerate one or more reduced pressure (e.g. vacuum) fractionationproducts.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a combined solid-liquid blendproduct comprised of a dewatered ultrafine coal preparation togetherwith a crude oil, wherein dewatered ultrafine coal preparation ischaracterised in that at least 95% of the particles, optionally 98%,suitably 99% are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter, and whereinthe solid-liquid blend comprises at most about 60% m of dewateredultrafine coal, based on the total mass of the combined solid-liquidblend.

In one embodiment of the invention, the combined solid-liquid blendproduct comprises ultrafine coal which includes particles in whichtypically at least 95% of the particles, optionally 98%, suitably 99%are no greater than about 250 μm in diameter.

In a specific embodiment of the invention the dewatered ultrafine coalcomprises microfine coal which comprises particles in which typically atleast 95% of the particles, optionally 98%, suitably 99% are no greaterthan about 100 μm, optionally about 50 μm, and more optionally about 20μm in diameter.

According to a specific embodiment of the invention the dewateredultrafine coal preparation comprises a low inherent ash content.Suitably the ash content is less than about 20% m of the ultrafine coalpreparation, based on the total mass of the combined solid-liquid blend;optionally less than about 15% m, suitably less than about 10% m,typically less than about 5% m, based on the total mass of the combinedsolid-liquid blend. In one embodiment of the invention the dewateredultrafine coal preparation is subjected to a de-ashing step prior tocombination in the solid-liquid blend product.

A fifth aspect of the invention provides for the use of a combinedsolid-liquid blend product of as described herein in a fractionationprocess for generating one or more fractionation products.

It will be appreciated that the invention may be subjected to furthercombinations of the disclosed features not explicitly recited above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is further illustrated by reference to the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a representation of the comparison the mass measuredpercentage recovery of distillate products (solid lines) for each of thesamples in Table 4 to that predicted if no volatile components werereleased from the coal (dashed lines). A shift to the left for themeasured value to the prediction indicates that additional distillateproducts have been recovered compared to that expected.

FIG. 2 is a graph that shows particle size distribution of exemplarycoal sample 7, an Australian highly volatile bituminous coal, asdetermined by laser scattering showing the characteristic sizeparameters: d50, d90, d95, d98 and d99.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific termsused herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

In one embodiment, invention relates to blending de-mineralised(de-ashed), de-watered (dehydrated) coal particulate material (e.g.powder), commonly termed in the industry “fines” (typical particle sizeof <1.0 mm), suitably selected from at least one of: “ultrafines”(typical particle size of <0.5 mm/500 μm), and “microfines” (typicalparticle size <20 μm), with a crude oil to produce a combined blendedproduct. The concept further extends to the uses of the blended product,including processes for preparing fractionation products, as well as theproducts produced from the blended product; especially products fromfractionation by distillation.

Prior to setting forth the invention in greater detail, a number ofdefinitions are provided that will assist in the understanding of theinvention.

As used herein, the term “comprising” means any of the recited elementsare necessarily included and other elements may optionally be includedas well. “Consisting essentially of” means any recited elements arenecessarily included, elements that would materially affect the basicand novel characteristics of the listed elements are excluded, and otherelements may optionally be included. “Consisting of” means that allelements other than those listed are excluded. Embodiments defined byeach of these terms are within the scope of this invention.

The term “coal” is used herein to denote readily combustible sedimentarymineral-derived solid hydrocarbonaceous material including, but notlimited to, hard coal, such as anthracite; bituminous coal;sub-bituminous coal; and brown coal including lignite (as defined in ISO11760:2005).

As used herein, the term “ash” refers to the inorganic—e.g.non-hydrocarbon—mineral component found within most types of fossilfuel, especially that found in coal. Ash is comprised within the solidresidue that remains following combustion of coal, sometimes referred toas fly ash. As the source and type of coal is highly variable, so is thecomposition and chemistry of the ash. However, typical ash contentincludes several oxides, such as silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, iron(III) oxide and aluminium oxide. Depending on its source, coal mayfurther include in trace amounts one or more substances that may becomprised within the subsequent ash, such as arsenic, beryllium, boron,cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum,selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium.

As used herein the term “deashed coal” or “low ash coal” refer to coalthat has a proportion of ash-forming components that is lower than thatof its natural state. The related term “demineralised coal” Is usedherein to refer to coal that has a reduced proportion of inorganicminerals compared to its natural state. The terms “deashed coal” anddemineralised coal” may also be used to refer to coal that has a lownaturally-occurring proportion of ash-forming components, or mineralsrespectively.

As used herein, the term “coal fines” refers to coal in particulate formwith a maximum particle size typically less than 1.0 mm. The term “coalultrafines” or “ultrafine coal” or “ultrafines” refers to coal with amaximum particle size typically less than 0.5 mm. The term “coalmicrofines” or “microfine coal” or “microfines” refers to coal with amaximum particle size typically less than 20 μm.

As used herein, the term “water content” refers to the total amount ofwater within a sample, and is expressed as a concentration or as a masspercentage (% m). When the term refers to the water content in a coalsample it includes the inherent or residual water content of the coal,and any water or moisture that has been absorbed from the environment.As used herein the term “dewatered coal” refers to coal that has anabsolute proportion of water that is lower than that of its naturalstate.

The term “dewatered coal” may also be used to refer to coal that has alow naturally-occurring proportion of water. The term “crude oil” isused herein to refer to geologically-derived liquid hydrocarbonaceouspetroleum. Crude oil may be referred to as unrefined oil. The term“refining” as used herein refers to any process that removes impuritiesor unwanted elements from a substance, for example crude oil. The term“crude” or “unrefined” in relation to a substance may therefore mean anysubstance that has yet to be refined, or separated, or purified, orfurther purified, to provide a more pure substance. The term “crude oil”or “unrefined oil” may relate to oil in the state that it was extractedand will also be understood to include oil which has been subjected towater-oil separations and/or gas-oil separation and/or desalting and/orstabilization. Any crude oil is suitable as the source material for theprocess of this invention, including Arabian Heavy, Arabian Light, otherGulf crudes, Brent, North Sea crudes, North and West African crudes,Indonesian, Chinese crudes and mixtures thereof, but also shale oil,condensates, tar sands, gas condensates and bio-based oils. Crude oiland may be obtained from a variety of natural sources including, but notlimited to: drilling into rock strata; fracking; and/or oil sandextraction. “Sweet crude oil” is a type of petroleum. The New YorkMercantile Exchange designates petroleum with less than 0.42% m sulfuras sweet. Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called “sourcrude oil”.

The term “fractionation” Is used herein to refer to the separation of amixture into different portions. The term “fractionation” will encompassa separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas,solid, liquid, or suspension) is divided during a phase transition, intoa number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the compositionvaries according to a gradient. Fractionation includes “fractionaldistillation” which is the separation of a mixture into its componentparts, or fractions, based on differences in their boiling point. Anydistilled output product from a fractionation technique may be termed“fractionation products”. The viscous residue from atmosphericfractional distillation may be used as a feedstock for further upgradingvia vacuum distillation, as a fuel component, or to contribute to abituminous fraction. Fractionation, or fractionated, products have fewercomponents, or are more pure than the unrefined products from which theyderive. Typically, atmospheric distillation of crude oil is completed attemperatures ranging from around 300 to around 350° C. at, or near,atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric reside may then be passed to avacuum distillation unit that operates at around 350° C. with around 40mmHg (approximately 53 millibar) of vacuum.

The term “dispersant additive” as used herein refers to a substanceadded to a mixture to promote dispersion or to maintain dispersedparticles in suspension.

The term “hydrocarbonaceous material” as used herein refers to amaterial containing hydrocarbons; hydrocarbons being an organic compoundconsisting substantially of the elements hydrogen and carbon.Hydrocarbonaceous material may comprise aliphatic as well as aromatichydrocarbons

Crude oil is expensive and is a non-renewable source of energy.Coal-fines are generally regarded as a waste product and are availablecheaply and in plentiful supply. One problem addressed by an embodimentof the present invention is to provide an improved source offractionated fossil fuel derived products. Surprisingly, the blendedcoal-crude oil product provided can be subjected to fractionation bydistillation, to produce resultant distillate products that are lessexpensive than current alternatives, yet still meet required product andenvironmental emission criteria. As the amount of crude oil per unitvolume is reduced in the blend, the process allows users to “stretch”their existing crude oil supply utilising a cheaper hydrocarbon sourcethat previously may have been considered a waste by-product of coalmining.

There has been previous research into methods of converting coal intoliquid hydrocarbon products: these mainly involve solvent extraction ofcoal at temperatures above 400° C. under pressure in the presence ofhydrogen or a hydrogen donor solvent, e.g. tetralin(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene). This has led to several pilot scaledevelopments and at least one full-scale operating plant using theShenhua process at Ejin Horo Banner, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China.Exploitation of this process involves, however, a very large capitalinvestment and high associated running costs.

Traditional coal carbonisation and gasification processes involvingpyrolysis of coal can also lead to the collection and distillation ofcoal tars and liquid hydrocarbon products.

It was not previously known that co-distillation of crude oil andcoal-fines, particularly comprising micro- and nanoscale coalparticulates, would provide significant amounts of valuable distillateproducts at temperatures well below 400° C. These amounts are inaddition to those distillate products attributable to the distillationof the crude oil component and are therefore attributable to thepresence of coal.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that whendistilling coal fines as a blend with crude oil, any coal tars andliquids generated during pyrolysis are condensed together with thetraditional distillate fractions from crude oil. In addition, thepresence in crude oil of various hydrocarbon species that could act ashydrogen donors to facilitate breakdown of the coal polymeric structurecould enhance the generation of condensable hydrocarbons. Utilisingexisting process equipment, i.e. an oil refinery atmospheric distillerand a vacuum distiller, to generate such hydrocarbons and pyrolysis tarfrom coal avoids large-scale investment in major new manufacturingfacilities. This represents a significant advantage in economic terms ofthe present invention.

While the invention encompasses the distillation of crude oil blendedwith coal-fines of any specification to produce distillate products. Anembodiment of the invention relates to the distillation of crude oilblended with coal-fines, wherein the coal-fines have a specification, inparticular, a water content and an ash content that provides, followingdistillation, distillate products that meet the appropriate product andenvironmental emission criteria for these products. Distillate productsthat meet or exceed the required specification for the product type areof higher value and therefore make the overall process increasinglycommercially viable.

Recent developments processing of coal fines have made available amicrofine coal product that has a low water content (<15% m, suitably<3% m) and a low ash content (<10% m, suitably <2% m). The process ofdemineralisation also has a beneficial effect on sulphur content viaremoval of iron pyrites. Demineralising and dewatering of coal fines istypically achieved via a combination of froth flotation separation,specifically designed for ultrafines and microfine particles, plusmechanical and thermal dewatering techniques. A typical process for theproduction of de-watered coal ultrafines is provided in US-2015/0184099,which describes a vibration assisted vacuum dewatering process. It willbe appreciated, however, that several other suitable dewateringprocesses also exist within the art for example, providing coal as cakecomprising coal fine particles in a hydrocarbon carrier, water havingbeen removed through the use of one or more hydrophilic solvents.

Any particle size of coal fines that is suitable for distillation withcrude oil is considered to be encompassed by the invention. Suitably,the particle size of the coal fines is in the ultrafine range. Mostsuitably the particle size of the coal fines is in the microfine range.Specifically, the maximum average particle size may be at most 500 μm.More suitably, the maximum average particle size may be at most 300 μm,250 μm, 200 μm, 150 μm, or 100 μm. Most suitably, the maximum averageparticle size may be at most 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, or 5 μm.The minimum average particle size may be 0.01 μm, 0.1 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm,2 μm, or 5 μm. Hence, in particular embodiments the invention includesutilisation of nanoscale coal fines with average particle sizes in thesub-micron range.

An alternative measure of particle size is to quote a maximum particlesize and a percentage value or “d” value for the proportion by volume ofthe sample that falls below that particle size. For the presentinvention any particle size of coal fines that is suitable fordistillation with crude oil is considered to be encompassed by theinvention. Suitably, the particle size of the coal fines is in theultrafine range. Most suitably the particle size of the coal fines is inthe microfine range. Specifically, the maximum particle size may be atmost 500 μm. More suitably, the maximum particle size may be at most 300μm, 250 μm, 200 μm, 150 μm, or 100 μm. Most suitably, the maximumparticle size may be at most 50 μm, 40 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm, 10 μm, or 5 μm.The minimum particle size may be 0.01 μm, 0.1 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 2 μm, or5 μm. Any “d” value may be associated with these particle sizes.Suitably, the “d” value associated with any of the above maximumparticle sizes may be d99, d98, d95, d90, d80, d70, d60, or d50.

According to a specific embodiment of the invention a process isprovided that blends (i.e. suspends) the solid particulate matter ofde-watered, demineralised microfine coal in crude oil, prior tofractionation. Upon fractionation at around or slightly aboveatmospheric pressure, followed by fractionation at reduced pressure,valuable lower distillate products (naphtha: boiling range 85-177° C.,kerosene: boiling range 177-232° C. and diesel: boiling range 232-343°C.) are produced in significantly higher amounts than can be accountedfor by the distillation of the crude oil component alone. These lowerdistillate products are, therefore, derived from presence of microfineand/or ultrafine coal.

Hence, according to a specific embodiment of the invention described inmore detail below, a crude oil/microfine coal dispersion is pumpedeither at ambient or elevated temperatures through desalting andpre-heating process units and subsequently into a fractionation column,typically at or around atmospheric pressure. The resultant residue fromthe atmospheric distillation stage is then transferred to a vacuumdistillation plant and further fractionated. Distillate fractions fromboth atmospheric and vacuum distillation processes can either be used asblend components for final oil products or as feeds for other refineryprocess units, such as catalytic crackers, hydrocrackers, thermalcrackers, visbreakers etc. The vacuum residue may also be furtherprocessed by refinery process units, e.g. cokers, visbreakers, etc., orused for bitumen/asphalt manufacture.

This technology upgrades the coal fines product which was previouslyregarded as a waste byproduct of the mining industry. The overall costof the crude oil is reduced as is the amount of crude oil per unit ofdistillate product.

The amount of microfine coal that may be blended with the crude oil isat least 1% m (one mass percent), suitably at least 5% m, typicallyaround 10% m, at most 70% m, suitably at most 60% m, optionally at most50% m.

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limitingexamples.

EXAMPLES Example 1a—Demineralising and Dewatering of Coal Fines May beAchieved Via a Combination of Froth Flotation Separation, SpecificallyDesigned for Ultrafines and Microfine Particles, Plus Mechanical andThermal Dewatering Techniques

The coal slurry is screened, collected in a tank and froth flotationagents are added using controlled dose rates. Micro particle separatorsfilled with process water and filtered air from an enclosed aircompressor are used to sort hydrophobic carbon materials fromhydrophilic mineral materials. Froth containing carbon particlesoverflows the tank and this froth is collected in an open, top gutter.The mineral pulp is retained in the separation tank until discharged,whereas the demineralised coal slurry is de-aerated, before being pumpedto the pelletisation step. Further coal particle size reduction may beachieved, if necessary, by various known milling techniques, includingones where a hydrocarbon oil is used as a milling aid.

Mechanical dewatering of the demineralised microfine coal slurry iscarried out via a filter press or tube press. Suitable equipment ismanufactured by Metso Corporation, Fabianinkatu 9 A, PO Box 1220,FI-00130 Helsinki, FIN-00101, Finland. The resultant microfine coalwet-cake may be dried thermally to a powder form (suitable equipment ismanufactured by GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft, Peter-Müller-Str. 12,40468 Düsseldorf, Germany) or pelletized before drying. Forpelletisation, a specific modifier may be added to the filter cake in amixer to optimize pelletisation and the modified cake is transported toan extruder where it is compressed into pellets. The demineralised coalpellets are then dried thermally by conveying them to a pellet dryerwhere oxygen-deprived hot process air is blown directly over themicrofine coal pellets. Suitable equipment is manufactured by STELALaxhuber GmbH, Öttingerstr. 2, D-84323 Massing, Germany.

Example 1 b—Obtaining Coal Microfines by Grinding Larger Lumps andParticles of Coal in Wet Media

The type of coal may be selected based on favourable properties of thecoal such as low ash or water content or ease of grindability (e.g. highHardgrove Grindability Index) or reactivity. Coal microfines wereobtained by a variety of standard crushing and grinding size reductiontechniques in wet media followed by dewatering.

-   -   1. Crush to reduce production washed, wet coal (e.g. coal D or        coal F, Table 3) from 50 mm or thereabouts to approximately 6        mm, e.g. via a high pressure grinding roller mill or jaw        crusher: suitable equipment is manufactured by Metso Corporation        or FLSmidth, Vigerslev Allé 77, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen,        Denmark.    -   2. Produce a wet <6 mm slurry and reduce to 40 μm with a        suitable ball mill, rod mill or stirred media detritor: suitable        equipment is manufactured by Metso Corporation.    -   3. Reduce the <40 μm slurry to <1 μm or thereabouts using a        nanomill, suitably either by use of a peg mill, horizontal disc        mill or vertical stirred media detritor: suitable equipment is        manufactured by NETZSCH-Feinmahltechnik GMBH, Sedanstrale 70,        95100 Selb, Germany, or Metso Corporation, IsaMill™ can also be        used to reduce particle size to <5 μm or lower by attrition and        abrasion: Glencore Technology, Level 10, 160 Ann St, Brisbane        QLD 4000. Australia.    -   4. Dewater from approximately 50% m to <20% m or thereabouts,        with a tube press operating at high pressures through a membrane        or a vertical plate pressure filter: suitable equipment is        manufactured by Metso Corporation. Alternative dewatering        methods include filter presses e.g. Andritz AG, Stattegger        Strasse 18, 8045 Graz, Austria.    -   5. Dewater to <2% m by:        -   a. thermal drying, such as fluidised bed, rotary, flash or            bell dryers: suitable equipment is manufactured by            companies, such as GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft,            Peter-Müller-Str. 12, 40468 Düsseldorf, Germany and Stela            Laxhuber GmbH, Laxhuberplatz 1, 84323 Massing, Germany.        -   b. solvent-dewatering techniques with alcohols, ethers or            ketones as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos.            3,327,402, 4,459,762 and 7,537,700.

Example 1c—Obtaining Coal Microfines by Grinding Larger Lumps andParticles of Coal in a Dry State

Coal microfines were obtained by standard crushing, grinding andpulverising size reduction techniques in a dry state.

-   -   1. Crush dry, raw seam coal with a jaw crusher to <30 mm size.    -   2. Pulverise dried coal from <30 mm to <45 μm size or        thereabouts using ball mills with classifiers or by using        centrifugal attrition mill: suitable equipment is manufactured        by Loesche GmbH, Hansaallee 243, 40549 Düsseldorf, Germany and        Atritor Limited. 12 The Stampings, Blue Ribbon Park, Coventry,        West Midlands, CV6 5RE, UK.    -   3. Reduce to <1 μm particle size or thereabouts with an air        microniser (or jet mill): suitable equipment is manufactured by        British Rema Process Equipment Ltd. Foxwood Close, Chesterfield,        S41 9RN, U.K.

Example 1d—Obtaining Microfine Coal-Fuel Oil Cake by Grinding Dry Coalwith a Fuel Oil or Similar Oil Product

A cake of microfine coal in crude oil is obtained by grinding dry coalwith crude oil or related petroleum product as the fluid medium (seeExample 1b above) in a Netzsch Laboratory Agitator Bead Mill apparatusor a Metso Stirred Media Detritor.

Particle size distributions are typically determined by a laserscattering method which measures the particle volume of particlesbetween a series of incremental size ranges. FIG. 2 illustrates theparticle size distribution of coal 7 (described in Table 3 below). Abovea particle size of 63 μm it is possible practically to separate coalinto different size fractions by sieving, thus coal sample 6 wasprepared between the two sieve sizes 63 μm and 125 μm, Table 3.

Typically the particle distribution width is quantified by particlediameter values on the x-axis, d50, d90, d95, d98 and d99, as shown inFIG. 2 . d50 is defined as the diameter where half of the populationlies below this value. Similarly, ninety percent of the distributionlies below the d90, ninety-five percent of the population lies below thed95, ninety-eight percent of the population lies below the d98 andninety-nine percent of the population lies below the d99 value.

Example 2a—Suspension of Microfine Coal in Crude Oil May be Achieved ViaHigh-Shear Mixing of Various Forms of Microfine Coal

Dried microfine coal powder, a dried pellet of microfine coal, ormicrofine coal mixed with hydrocarbon oil in the form of a cake, isde-agglomerated and dispersed in crude oil using a high-shear mixer in avessel. If necessary, a dispersant additive is included in the blend toensure sufficient storage stability. Optionally, the vessel may befitted with an ultrasonic capability to induce cavitation to enhancede-agglomeration. Shear mixing is carried out either at ambienttemperatures or, for more viscous crude oils, at elevated temperaturestypically up to 50° C. Suitable shear mixers are manufactured by CharlesRoss & Son Co. 710 Old Willets Path, Hauppauge, NY 11788 and SilversonMachines Inc., 355 Chestnut St., East Longmeadow, MA 01028, USA. Thisprocess will typically take place at a distillation plant and theresultant crude oil/microfine coal dispersion may be stored in tanks forshort periods or delivered immediately to the distillation plant,typically one found in an oil refinery.

Example 2b—Suspension of Microfine Coal in Crude Oil May be Achieved ViaDirect Injection of Coal Fines Powder into Crude Oil Stream or by DirectInjection of the Coal Fines Powder into the Distillation Chamber

Dried microfine coal powder can be derived, either by drying a wet cakeof microfine coal particles prepared by mechanical drying of frothfloated coal fines, by crushing and grinding a dried pellet of microfinecoal, or by crushing and grinding of a low ash seam coal. Such driedmicrofine coal powder is injected in a stream of carrier gas (typicallynitrogen, air, or oxygen depleted air or a mixture of these) into acrude oil pre-heat process unit (typically 120-150° C.), electrostaticdesalter or final heat process or furnace unit (280-400° C., typically340-370° C.) prior to introduction of a crude oil stream into afractionation column, typically at or around atmospheric pressure.Alternatively the dried microfine coal powder thus prepared may beinjected directly into the base of the fractionating column.

Example 3—Fractionation of a Blend of North Sea Crude Oil A and WestVirginia Microfine Coal 1 Using Standard Small-Scale (200 mL)Distillation Unit Processes and Procedures

The crude oil/microfine coal dispersion is pumped either at ambient orelevated temperatures through desalting and pre-heating process unitsand thence into a fractionation column, typically at atmosphericpressure. The resultant residue from the atmospheric distillation stageis then transferred to a vacuum distillation plant and furtherfractionated.

A typical light, sweet North Sea crude oil A, (characteristics given inTable 1) was blended with a USA West Virginia low volatile bituminouscoal 1 (characteristics given in Table 3) and a set of analytical testresults obtained for a range of critical parameters, see Table 2.Addition of 5% m coal 1 to crude oil A surprisingly results in onlysmall Increases in density (0.833 to 0.837 g/ml @ 15° C.), viscosity(5.1 to 5.5 cSt @ 50° C.) and sulphur content (0.241% to 0.255% m).

TABLE 1 Analyses and distillation characteristics of the crude oilstested Crude Oil code Distillate fraction Temp, C. A B C D Density @ 15°C. kg/m³ 833 805 870 912 Kinetic Viscosity @ 20° C. mm²/s 5.1 2.2 22.185 Carbon residue (MCRT) % m/m 1.2 0.6 4.4 1.9 Sediment by HotFiltration % m/m <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Pour Point ° C. ° C. −18 −15 −30−54 Total Acid Number mgKOH/g 0.09 0.05 0.09 3.2 Ash % m/m <0.001 0.0010.01 0 Sulphur % m/m 0.24 0.18 1.7 0.4 DISTILLATION RESULTS 200 mL 15 L200 mL volume volume Condensates n.a. 2.4 n.a. Low boiling components<85 5.0 7.4 8.0 4.6 0 Naphtha  85-177 23.5 23.5 37.0 15.2 2.1 Kero177-232 11.1 10.3 11.2 9.8 5.7 Diesel 232-343 21.1 21.3 21.6 19.2 28.3LVGO 343-427 13.8 12.0 9.6 14.1 21.7 HVGO 427-550 15.0 14.5 6.6 17.027.7 Vacuum Residue >550 10.5 8.4 6.0 20.0 14.5 Final Boiling Point ° C.607 517 542 559

Surprisingly the carbon residue Increased by much less than expected:just 0.55% m from 1.19% m in crude A to 1.74% m for the 5% blend, Table2. Coal 1 has a combined non-volatile content (fixed carbon plus ashcontent) of 80.2% m (calculated as 100%−Volatile Matter content). Thenon-volatile content provides a measure of the amount of carbon and ashcontent expected to remain after distillation. Based on this the valuefor the carbon residue of crude oil A with 5% m coal 1, the carbonresidue would be expected to increase by approximately 4% m as a resultof addition of 5% coal 1. However, the carbon residue increase observedis very much smaller (0.55% m) indicating that the microfine coal isproducing far more volatile matter (gaseous and liquid products) whenmixed with crude oil than it does when heated alone in a proximateanalysis.

TABLE 2 Analyses for the coal-crude oil blends 5% coal 1 in Distillatefraction Temp, C. crude A Density @ 15° C. kg/m³ 837 Kinetic Viscosity @20° C. mm²/s 5.5 Carbon residue (MCRT) % m/m 1.74 Sediment by HotFiltration % m/m 0.74 Pour Point ° C. ° C. −9 Total Acid Number mgKOH/g0.09 Ash % m/m 0.19 Sulphur % m/m 0.26

The distillation characteristics for the lowest boiling 50% v from crudeoil A, and blends of crude oil A with microfine coal 1, were determinedaccording to the ASTM D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation ofPetroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure. Using a 200mL sample in a laboratory batch manual distillation unit, the boilingrange characteristics of oil products were determined quantitativelyunder conditions that are designed to provide approximately onetheoretical plate fractionation. Regular systematic readings oftemperature readings and volumes of condensate are made until thecumulative volume of the liquid distillate fractions reached 50% v,which corresponded in these determinations to distillation temperaturesbetween 270° C. and 280° C.

The distillation characteristics for the 50% v residue from theatmospheric manual distillation of crude oil A, and blends of crude oilA with microfine coal 1 were determined according to the ASTM D1160Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at ReducedPressure. This test method covers the determination, at reducedpressures, of the range of boiling points for petroleum products thatcan be partially or completely vaporized at a maximum liquid temperatureof 400° C. The sample is distilled at an accurately controlled pressurebetween 0.13 kPa and 6.7 kPa (1 mm and 50 mm Hg) under conditions thatare designed to provide approximately one theoretical platefractionation. Data are obtained from which the final boiling point anda distillation curve relating volume percent distilled and atmosphericequivalent boiling point temperature is prepared.

TABLE 3 Analyses of the range of coals tested Gross Specific VolatileAsh Energy Matter Vitrinite Geological % m, MJ/kg, % m, Reflectance S CNo. Origin age Classification db db daf % % m, db 1 Kentucky,Carboniferous Low volatile 8.5 31.4 19.8 n.d. 0.9 n.d. 2 USA bituminous2.7 34.6 1.03 0.7 n.d. 3 1.6 35.0 n.d. 0.9 86.6 4 High volatile A 1.433.9 38.0 0.71 0.64 80.0 5 bituminous 1.9 33.7 0.64 79.6 6 1.4 33.9 0.6480.0 7 NSW, Permian High volatile B 0.87 32.8 32.6 0.59 0.40 85.0 8Australia bituminous 1.4 33.6 33.5 0.40 84.5 9 Colombia Paleocene 1.532.6 39.8 0.54 0.56 79.1 10 Czech Rep Carboniferous Medium volatile 4.436.5 25.9 1.05 0.5 89.9 11 Mongolia Permian bituminous 15.2 29.9 29.30.95 1.2 n.d. 12 Jurassic Sub-bituminous 6.3 30.1 44.8 0.59 0.8 71.8 13Cretaceous Brown coal 9.0 26.3 46.3 0.35 0.5 64.1 Particle sizedistribution H N d50 d90 d95 d98 d99 <100 μm <10 μm <1 μm No. % m, dbHGI μm %, v 1 n.d. n.d. 5.8 12 15 17 20 100 82 7 2 n.d. 4.5 15 20 30 34100 81 8 3 4.5 1.2 1.8 4.3 5.8 9.6 17.5 100 98 23 4 5.7 2.0 44 17 85 117153 176 94 40 2 5 5.7 2.0 4.0 15 17 51 95 99 83 7 6 5.7 2.0 min. 63 μm,max, 125 μm 0 0 7 5.8 2.0 n.d. 3.2 6.7 7.8 9.0 10 100 100 8 8 5.8 2.09.4 26 36 63 100 99 54 2 9 5.4 1.6 36 17 71 90 111 125 98 62 2 10 4.81.4 n.d. 10 33 43 56 65 100 49 2 11 4.1 n.d. 8.2 33 45 59 69 100 52 8 125.1 13 40 52 56 77 100 46 3 13 4.8 18 86 106 124 137 96 39 2 n.d. = notdetermined, db = dry basis, daf = dry, ash-free basis

TABLE 4 Small-scale Distillation results for coal 1-crude A blendscompared with results calculated for equivalent blends containing aninert component % CCF in crude (X) % calculated as inert (Y) % delta*(−X-Y) Distillate fraction Temp, C. 0 5 7.5 10 5 7.5 10 5 7.5 10 Lowboiling components  <85 5.0 4.4 3.7 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.5 −0.4 −0.9 0.1Naphtha  85-177 23.5 23.9 24.4 24.1 22.3 21.7 21.1 1.6 2.7 3.0 Kero177-232 11.1 12.4 11.9 11.3 10.6 10.3 10.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 Diesel 232-34321.1 21.3 21.5 21.4 20.0 19.5 19.0 1.3 2.0 2.4 LVGO 343-427 13.8 13.712.5 10.7 13.1 12.8 12.4 0.6 −0.3 −1.8 HVGO >427 15.0 14.3 15.0 15.014.3 13.9 13.5 0.0 1.1 1.5 Vacuum Residue 10.5 10.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.219.5 −5.0 −6.2 −6.5 % v additional distillates 5.0 6.2 6.5 % v/m coalconversion to distillates 109% 91% 70% % v/m coal conversion todistillates <427° C. 108% 74% 55% % v/m coal conversion to distillates<343° C. 95% 78% 74% Final Boiling Point, ° C. 552 563 545 Ash content(coal 1) = 8.5% m Ash content of added coal, % m 0.4 0.6 0.9 Organiccoal added, % m 4.58 6.86 9.15 Notes: % vol calculated as inert = % volin distillate fraction × (100 − % m in crude)/100 *Increases in volumebetween observed and calculated for 5% inert shown in black, volumereductions shown in red. **calculated assuming all coal mineral matteris collected as ash in the vacuum residue (vac.res.), and a density of1.0 g/ml. for the vacuum residue ***Yield of vac.res. From organic coal= 100 × (% Vac.Res.blend − %Vac.Res.crude)/% organic coal

The volumes of distillate fractions obtained thus (X) for crude oil “A”and for blends of coal 1 at 5% m, 7.5% m and 10% m concentrations incrude oil “A” are shown in Table 4. Boiling point ranges for low boilingcomponents, naphtha, kerosene (kero), diesel, light vacuum gas oil(LVGO) and heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) were based on US EnergyInformation Administration definitions, converted from degreesFahrenheit (° F.) to degrees Celsius (° C.).

The volumes of these distillate fractions have been calculated (Y) for a95% m crude oil: 5% m inert material blend (and 92.5% m crude oil, with7.5% m inert material; 90% m crude oil and 10% m inert materialrespectively), based on the observed volumes (X), see Table 4. Inaddition, the volume differences (X-Y) between those observed (X) andthose calculated for an inert solid material (Y) are shown. Hence, thevalue of (X-Y) is a measure of the impact of microfine coal on thedistillation characteristics of the crude oil. A positive value (inbold) indicates that an increase in the yield of that fraction hasresulted from the presence of microfine coal; whereas a negative value(in italics) shows that a reduction in yield of that fraction hasoccurred.

Surprisingly, the lower boiling distillates (naphtha, kerosene anddiesel) consistently gave higher than expected yields. Equallysurprisingly the heavy gas oil distillate fraction, which would beexpected to include any coal pyrolysis liquids generated, gave loweryields than expected. The yield of light vacuum gas oil was higher inthe 5% m microfine coal blend, but decreased to a yield reduction forthe equivalent 7.5% m and 10% m blends. The change in yield of each ofthese five fractions progressively changed upwards or downwards as themicrofine coal proportion was increased from 0% to 5% m to 7.5% m to 10%m. In this case, the total volume of additional distillates increased by4.7%, 5.8% and 5.8% respectively for 5% m, 7.5% m and 10% m blendsrespectively. Predominantly the increased distillate was found in thenaphtha, kero and diesel fractions.

By correcting for ash content, the % m of organic coal converted to alldistillates, distillates <427° C. (i.e. excluding heavy vacuum gas oil)and distillates <343° C. (excluding both light and heavy gas oilfractions) has been calculated. Surprisingly high conversion rates havebeen achieved (49%-104% volume of distillate per unit mass of coal, %v/m) and clearly a large proportion of the microfine coal 1 has beenconverted to distillate products in the presence of crude oil A.

The differential yield of vacuum residue increased as expected withincreasing proportion of microfine coal 1.

Example 4—Fractionation of Blends of Different Crude Oils and WestVirginia Microfine Coals of Different Microfine Particle Size can beCarried Out Using Standard Distillation Unit Processes and Procedure

The distillation characteristics for crude oils A, C and D and blends ofthese crude oils with microfine coals 1, 2 and 3 were determined underatmospheric and reduced pressure according to the procedure described inExample 3.

Crude A is a typical light, sweet North Sea crude oil of low sulphurcontent producing high yields of the lighter distillates, naphtha anddiesel. Crude C Is a medium density, sweet crude, also of North Seaorigin, but one producing high yields of the heavier fractions: dieseland vacuum gas oils. Crude D is a medium density, sour Russian crudecontaining much sulphur, which also yields predominantly heavierdistillates. Table 1 provides analyses and distillation characteristicsfor these crudes.

These crude oils were blended with USA West Virginia low volatilebituminous coals 1, 2 and 3 at different concentrations up to 20% m.Coals 1, 2 and 3 have different particle size characteristics, Table 3,such that coal 3 is the most finely ground with 98% particles <10 μm indiameter and a d50 of 1.8 μm (i.e. 50% of the particles are smaller than1.8 μm). Coals 1 and 2 are relatively similar in size with d50 values of4.5 μm and 5.8 μm respectively, but coal 1 has a significantly higherash content of 8.5% compared with 2.7% in coal 2. No systematicdifferences in coal conversion between coals 1, 2 and 3 were observedsuggesting that discrimination of coal particle size within theconstraints of the microfine level is not a critical determinant.

As in Example 3, significant volumes of distillates attributable tomicrofine coal were obtained in all the blends shown in Table 5, withIncreases in the range 2.3% v to 7.6% v. Again the increased distillatewas mainly found in the naphtha, kero and diesel fractions. Even for ahigher concentration blend of 20% m coal 2 in crude A, a coal conversionyield of 34% v/m was obtained for distillates <427° C. (i.e. excludingheavy vacuum gas oil).

Significant coal conversion was also observed with blends of crudes Cand D with coal 2. For example, a conversion yield to all distillates of39% v/m was obtained for crude C with 15% coal 2, and a coal conversionyield of 71% v/m was obtained for distillates <343° C. with a blend of5% coal 2 in the Russian crude D.

It is noteworthy that there is a trend toward a lower final boilingtemperature (FBT) as the coal concentration increases, Table 5. Thisreduces the amount of heavy gas oil that can be collected with thevacuum distillation apparatus. Thus FBP is lowered successively from607° C. to 550° C. to 516° C. to 479° C., as the concentration of coal 2in crude A is increased from 0% to 10% m to 15% m and to 20% mrespectively. FBP is a measure of the onset of cracking of heavier crudecomponents and limits further distillation because the generation of gasreduces the vacuum being applied. In a full scale distillation plantyields of vacuum gas oil would be expected to be greater as the smallerscale laboratory apparatus suffers from a large difference (typically50-100° C.) between the temperature at which distillation takes placeabove the heated vessel and the temperature within the heated vesselitself. Thus in the laboratory apparatus cracking ensues earlier thanwould be expected in a full scale plant distiller.

TABLE 5 Comparison of small-scale distillation results for blends of USAWest Virginia coals 1-3 with crudes A, C and D compared with resultscalculated for equivalent blends containing an inert component. CrudeOil code A C D Coal Code 1 2 3 2 Proportion of coal added (% m) 5 7.5 1010 15 20 5 10 15 5 Test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gary 9 10 Distillatefraction Temp, ° C. % volume delta (observed − calculated) Low boilingcomponents <85 −0.3 −0.8 0.2 1.5 0.0 −0.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.0 Naphtha 85-1771.5 2.5 2.8 −0.5 2.4 3.2 2.1 1.4 −0.1 0.0 Kero 177-232 1.8 1.5 1.1 4.71.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 −0.4 1.2 Diesel 232-343 1.2 1.9 2.2 −2.3 0.5 1.9 −0.1−0.9 3.8 2.3 LVGO 343-427 0.5 −0.4 −1.9 −0.8 1.6 0.6 −0.3 1.2 −0.0 −1.4HVGO 427-550 −0.0 1.0 1.3 0.9 2.0 −3.7 −0.2 −1.5 2.4 0.3 VacuumResidue >550 −5.0 −5.8 −6.9 −3.5 −7.9 −3.4 −3.0 −2.5 −6.0 −2.4Additional distillate (% obs. − % calc.) 4.7 5.8 5.8 3.5 7.9 3.4 3.0 2.56.0 2.4 % v/m coal converted to distillates 103% 84% 63% 35% 54% 17% 60%25% 41% 49% % v/m coal converted to distillates <427° C. 104% 69% 49%26% 40% 36% 64% 40% 25% 43% % v/m coal converted to distillates <343° C.92% 74% 69% 35% 30% 33% 71% 27% 25% 72% Final Boiling Point, ° C. 552563 545 >550 516 479 537 492 462 559 Note: Atmospheric method (ASTM D86)for first 50% distilled, Vacuum method (ASTM D1160) for residue fromatmospheric distillation * Increases in volume between observed andcalculated for 5% inert shown in bold, volume reductions shown initalics

Example 5—Fractionation of Blends of Different Crude Oils and Coals ofWidely Different Rank, Origin, Particle Size and Mineral Content can beCarried Out Using Standard Distillation Unit Processes and Procedure

The distillation characteristics for North Sea crude oils A and B andblends of these crude oils with ten coal samples 4-13 were determinedunder atmospheric and reduced pressure according to the proceduredescribed in Example 3, see Table 6.

Crude B, like crude A, Is a light, sweet North Sea crude oil of lowsulphur, but produces even higher yields of the light distillate,naphtha, see Table 1.

These crude oils were distilled with high volatile bituminous coals 4-9from USA, Colombia and Australia, representing Carboniferous, Paleoceneand Permian eras of deposition respectively. In addition, crude A hasbeen tested with 10% additions of medium volatile bituminous coals fromCzech Republic and Mongolia, plus sub-bituminous coal and brown coal(lignite) from Mongolia. The latter two coals extend the geological erasincluded to Jurassic and Cretaceous.

Coals 10-13 increase the range of coal mineral matter contents (assessedas ash content) tested. Coals 3-9 all have ash contents below 2% m drybasis (d.b.). Coal 2 has ash content between 2% m, d.b. and 3% d b.Coals 1, 10, 12, and 13 have ash contents in the range 4% m, d.b. to 9%m, d.b., whereas the ash content of coal 11 is over 15% m, d.b.

Despite the large range of coal rank and ash content covered by coals10-14, significant % volume of distillate per unit mass of coal (% v/m)conversions of organic coal were observed ranging from:—

-   -   15-52% v/m for all distillates,    -   33-58% v/m for distillates <427° C.,    -   −75% v/m for distillates <343° C. (note that the brown coal        which contains high inherent moisture and a high oxygen content        produced an unusually high volume of low boiling components        which may have contained significant amounts of water).

Coals 5 and 7 are microfine coals with particle sizes (d50 of 4.0 μm and3.2 μm respectively) similar to coals 1-3 used in Examples 3 and 4.Coals 11, 9 and 10 are coarser in size with d50 of 8.2 μm, 9.4 μm and 10μm respectively, whereas coals 4, 7, 12 and 13 are coarser still withd50 in the range 13-18 μm. Coal 6 was prepared by sieving between 63 μmand 125 μm and contained the largest particle sizes tested. As coalparticle size increases co-distillation with crude becomes moreproblematic, but not insolvable. Vacuum distillation of crudes withcoarser coal samples 4 and 7 was less stable and more difficult tocontrol. Furthermore the dispersion of the 63-125 μm coal 8 in crude Bbegan to break down after 30 minutes affecting the smooth operation ofthe atmospheric distillation. Despite these operational differences,significant % conversions of organic coal were still observed rangingfrom:—

TABLE 6 Comparison of small-scale distillation results for blends of arange of coals of different rank, origin and particle size with crudes Aand B compared with results calculated for equivalent blends containingan inert component Crude Oil code A B A Coal Code 4 5 6 7 8 Proportionof coal added (% m) 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 15 5 10 Test number 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 Distillate fraction Temp, ° C. % volume delta(observed − calculated) Low boiling components <85 −0.1 0.5 −0.2 1.4 0.20.2 2.3 2.5 −0.1 1.4 Naphtha  85-177 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.1 0.3 −0.3 0.72.1 1.3 Kero 177-232 1.2 2.2 0.7 −0.5 2.2 2.6 1.9 2.3 0.6 1.1 Diesel232-343 −0.3 −0.8 0.5 1.5 −1.1 1.9 −0.5 −0.5 0.2 0.1 LVGO 343-427 −0.6−0.5 0.0 −1.8 1.8 −1.8 0.2 1.0 −1.2 −0.2 HVGO 427-550 0.8 0.6 −0.4 0.4−3.7 0.1 0.9 −2.0 0.4 −3.2 Vacuum Residue >550 −2.8 −3.5 −2.4 −2.5 −0.4−3.4 −4.5 −3.9 −2.0 −0.4 Additional distillate (% obs. − % calc.) 2.83.5 2.4 2.5 0.3 3.3 4.5 3.9 2.0 0.5 % v/m coal converted to distillates58% 35% 49% 25%  3% 33% 46% 27% 40%  5% % v/m coal converted todistillates <427° C. 41% 29% 56% 21% 40% 32% 36% 41% 32% 37% % v/m coalconverted to distillates <343° C. 54% 33% 55% 39% 22% 50% 34% 34% 56%39% Final Boiling Point, ° C. 551 546 555 493 442 481 507 488 546 483Crude Oil code A B Coal Code 9 10 11 12 13 Proportion of coal added (%m) 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 Test number 21 22 23 24 25 26 278 Distillatefraction Temp, ° C. % volume delta (observed − calculated) Low boilingcomponents <85 0.0 1.8 0.0 −0.4 0.5 −0.0 4.6 Naphtha  85-177 2.0 0.1 2.61.8 2.0 1.3 0.9 Kero 177-232 1.6 2.6 1.0 1.7 1.6 2.2 0.5 Diesel 232-3430.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.8 LVGO 343-427 −1.4 0.2 0.7 0.1 −0.2 −0.8 −0.8HVGO 427-550 −0.3 0.3 0.6 −2.2 −0.4 −1.6 −1.5 Vacuum Residue >550 −2.4−5.5 −5.4 −1.5 −4.5 −1.5 −4.5 Additional distillate (% obs. − % calc.)2.4 5.5 5.3 1.5 4.5 1.5 4.5 % v/m coal converted to distillates 50% 55%53% 15% 52% 15% 49% % v/m coal converted to distillates <427° C. 55% 55%47% 39% 58% 33% 66% % v/m coal converted to distillates <343° C. 83% 53%40% 38% 59% 42% 75% Final Boiling Point, ° C. 555 544 486 518 526 520502 Note: Atmospheric method (ASTM D86) for first 50% distilled, Vacuummethod (ASTM D1160) for residue from atmospheric distillation *Increases in volume between observed and calculated for 5% inert shownin bold, volume reductions shown in italics.

-   -   3-55% v/m for all distillates (note that the conversion values        below 30% coincided with a low final boiling point (FBP)        possibly due to early onset of cracking thereby reducing        available heavy gas oil);    -   21-66% v/m for distillates <427° C.,    -   22-83% v/m for distillates <343° C.

As in previous examples, significant volumes of distillates attributableto microfine coal were obtained in all the blends shown in Table 6, withincreases in the range 1.9% v to 5.3% v (excluding those blends affectedby early cracking). Again the increased distillate was mainly found inthe naphtha, kero and diesel fractions. In Tests 15 and 20 show lower %coal conversion levels (3% v/m and 5% v/m respectively) than in othertests. This is likely caused by lower FBPs (earlier onset of cracking)in both cases which causes lower yields of HVGO and may be due to higherthan usual differential temperatures between the heating vessel and thedistillation temperature in this experimental set up.

Example 6—Larger-Scale (15 L) Fractionation of a Blend of North SeaCrude Oil A and West Virginia Microfine Coal 2 can be Carried Out UsingStandard Large-Scale Distillation Unit Processes and Procedures

The distillation characteristics for the lowest boiling fractions fromcrude oil A. and blends of crude oil A with microfine coal 2 (5% m, 10%m and 15% m) were determined according to the ASTM D2892-16 StandardTest Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical PlateColumn) using a 15 L sample. This test method is one of a number oftests conducted on a crude oil to determine its value. It provides anestimate of the yields of fractions of various boiling ranges and istherefore valuable in technical discussions of a commercial nature.Together with the associated analyses of the fractions collected (seeExample 7) this distillation approach is commonly referred to as theCrude Oil Assay and is used as the industry approach to evaluating thesuitability of crude oils and their value to an oil refiner.

The residue from the atmospheric distillation was transferred to anotherdistillation flask and redistilled under low vacuum according to ASTMD5238-13 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Heavy HydrocarbonMixtures (Vacuum Potstill Method), The maximum achievable atmosphericequivalent temperature (AET) can be as high as 565° C., but is dependentupon the heat tolerance of the charge; for the crude oil A and coal2-crude oil A blends AETs between 540° C. and 555° C. were achieved. Thesample is distilled at an accurately controlled pressure within therange 0.1-0.2 mm Hg).

Approximately 30 separate distillation cut samples were collected forsuccessive temperature ranges from the atmospheric and vacuumdistillation combined procedures, and the yield of each of the cuts wasmeasured. Distillation cuts were combined to correspond with eachdistillate fraction temperature range (e.g. kero) to produce samples forfurther analysis, and the yields for each distillate calculated, Table7, for crude oil A, 5% coal 2-crude oil A and 10% coal 2-crude A blends.

Significant % v/m conversion of organic coal were observed for 5%, 10%and 15% blends of coal 2 with crude A ranging from:—

-   -   31-52% v/m for distillates <427° C.,    -   28-35% v/m for distillates <343° C.

The increased distillate was mainly found in the low boiling components,diesel and light vacuum gas oil fractions. The longer dwell time in thislaboratory apparatus leads to earlier onset of cracking as in the 200 mLsmall-scale tests, so the yield data for heavy vacuum gas oil is lessreliable.

Example 7—Distillate Fractions Prepared by Larger-Scale (15 L)Fractionation of a Blend of North Sea Crude Oil A and West VirginiaMicrofine Coal 2 have Properties Closely Similar to the EquivalentFactions Derived from Crude A Alone

Many of the properties determined for distillate fractions fromlarge-scale distillation of coal 2-crude A blends show regular smalltrends as the coal concentration is increased from 0% to 5% to 10%, seeTable 8. All these property changes are directionally as expected basedon knowledge of crude A and coal 2 properties (e.g. coal structuretypically contains more highly aromatic and higher molecular weightunits than crude oil), confirming that coal 2 is the origin of part ofeach fraction. Furthermore these changes are small and would notundermine the quality of the resultant distillate fraction to anysignificant degree. Thus as coal 2 concentration increases:—

-   -   Density increases for light naphtha, light vacuum gas oil and        heavy vacuum gas oil fractions;    -   Viscosity increases for LVGO and HVGO fractions,    -   Sulphur content Increases slightly for Light Naphtha, Heavy        Naphtha, LVGO and HVGO;    -   Copper corrosion improves for Light Naphtha and Heavy Naphtha;    -   Aromatics content increases for Light Naphtha, heavy Naphtha,        Kero and Diesel.

Although particular embodiments of the invention have been disclosedherein in detail, this has been done by way of example and for thepurposes of illustration only. The aforementioned embodiments are notintended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the invention. Itis contemplated by the Inventors that various substitutions,alterations, and modifications may be made to the Invention withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention.

TABLE 7 Large-scale Distillation results for coal 2-crude A blendscompared with results calculated for equivalent blends containing aninert component % by volume observed in each % by volume calculated %difference between observed % coal 2 in crude A distillate fraction (X)assuming coal is inert (Y) and calculated values (X − Y) Distillatefraction Temp, ° C. 0 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15 Condensibles gaseous 2.42.2 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0 −0.1 −0.5 0.2 Low boiling components <85 7.4 8.58.9 8.1 7.0 6.7 6.3 1.5 2.2 1.8 Naphtha  85-177 23.5 22.2 21.2 21.4 22.421.2 20.1 −0.2 −0.0 1.3 Kero 177-232 10.3 9.5 8.5 9.5 9.8 9.3 8.8 −0.3−0.8 0.7 Diesel 232-343 21.3 20.9 21.2 18.4 20.3 19.2 18.2 0.6 2.0 0.2LVGO 343-427 12.0 12.3 10.5 11.2 11.4 10.8 10.2 0.9 −0.3 1.0 HVGO427-550 14.5 11.6 12.4 7.1 13.8 13.1 12.4 −2.2 −0.7 −5.3 VacuumResidue >550 8.4 12.6 15.4 22.1 13.0 17.6 22.2 −0.4 −2.2 −0.1 % v/m coalconversion to distillates <427° C. 52% 31% 34% % v/m coal conversion todistillates <343° C. 34% 35% 28% Final Boiling Point, ° C. >550 >550 516Ash content (coal 7) = 2.7% m Ash content of added coal, % m 0.14 0.270.41 Organic coal added, % m 4.87 9.73 14.60 * Increases in volumebetween observed and calculated for 5% inert shown in bold, volumereductions shown in italics.

TABLE 8 Properties of distillate fractions from Large-scale Distillationof coal 2-crude A blends (values are given in the order 100% crude A→95%crude A 5% coal 2→90% crude A 10% coal 2) Light Naphtha Heavy NaphthaKero Density Increases Increases marginally: Constant: (kg/m3 @ 15° C.)0.679→ 0.691→0.694 0.764→ 0.767→ 0.768 0.810-0.811 Viscosity n.d. n.d.Increases marginally: (cSt @ 40° C.) 1.31 → 1.34 → 1.33 SulphurIncreases: Increases: Increases marginally: (% m) 0.004→ 0.007→ 0.0100.004 → 0.04 → 0.09 0.01 → 0.01 → 0.016 Nitrogen n.d. n.d. n.d. (ppm, w)TAN n.d. n.d. Changes erratically: (mg(KOH)/g) 0.09 → 0.21 → 0.08 PourPoint n.d. n.d. n.d. (° C.) Cloud point n.d. n.d. n.d. (° C.) CopperImproves erratically: Improves: n.d. corrosion 1b → 1a → 1b 2a → 1b → 1bAromatics Increase slightly: Increase slightly: Increase: (%, m) 4.8 →5.3 → 5.3 17.5 → 18.1 → 18.2 16.5 → 17.0 → 17.2 Diesel LVGO HVGO DensityConstant: 0.850 → Increases: 0.863→ Increases: (kg/m3 @ 15° C.) 0.851 →0.851 0.897→ 0.898 0.916→ 0.918→ 0.919 Viscosity Constant: Increases:Increases (100° C.): (cSt @ 40° C.) 3.41 → 3.46 → 3.44 23.5 → 28.3 →30.2 12.1 → 13.2 → 13.6 Sulphur Constant: 0.13 Constant: Increasesmarginally: (% m) 0.36 → 0.37 → 0.37 0.49 → 0.50 → 0.51 NitrogenIncreases: Increases erratically: Increases erratically: (ppm, w) 17 →20 → 200 480 → 450 → 580 1400 → 1300 → 1700 TAN Changes erratically:Decreases: 0.35 → Decreases erratically: (mg(KOH)/g) 0.16 → 0.26 → 0.120.28 → 0.24 0.40 → 0.34 → 0.36 Pour Point n.d. Increases slightly:Constant at 42° C. (° C.) 24 → 27 → 27 Cloud point Increases slightly:n.d. n.d. (° C.) −15 → −15 → −12 Copper n.d. n.d. n.d. corrosionAromatics Increase: n.d. n.d. (%, m) 21.1 → 22.5 → 24.3 n.d.—notdetermined

1. A process for the production of a fractionated product comprising the steps of: (i) providing a solid hydrocarbonaceous material, wherein the material is in particulate form, and wherein at least about 90% by volume (% v) of the particles are no greater than about 500 μm in diameter; (ii) combining the solid hydrocarbonaceous material with an unrefined liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in order to create a combined solid-liquid blend; (iii) subjecting the combined solid-liquid blend to fractionation in order to generate one or more fractionation products.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the solid hydrocarbonaceous material comprises coal.
 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the coal is ultrafine coal. 4-33. (canceled) 